1 10 25 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/f77e0d18d36c43a5dfbc6e823696b0ec.jpg 008f3ff272ba25188b5464e8aedac1fb https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/5846019ba40d8e1c1c7ac1f0394e9ff2.jpg 391bfec32deb8645d00c797d40f8bd7c https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/a3569b52defb2d8bf674e9e7b7995db3.jpg da89cf58a3ba5dc557d739ea0e194f83 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/252d48e6bd23a3e9571487d46a2d7b93.jpg fb9b03a6de34c59e1e5fc76cb6b841ed https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/33cc190cacda228b42854b73599cba0c.jpg 12793b775dffc3c1b82a764a290b1f8e https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/cd3070de85003aaa5415f3eedcc437d4.jpg 344874d3036494981a1c1aa2ba7932a7 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/5e5e692ccecbed7d2548b3b9a15a829b.jpg 56e2bb8ec1412759467d8800a1084896 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/3d62f2cb110a45daca17491eb130ed6f.jpg 5ae3da5b17d9beb49ec2a3f2f1ac9bf3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix C: Economic Context Description An account of the resource Information on the economic context for To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rebecca Miller and Victoria O'Dea Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document THE Earnish Pilchard Fishery. Upon the Cornish Coast, to which the pilchard fishery is almost confined (the only other place in the United Kingdom where it is practised being the south coast of Ireland), there are two distinct systems by means of which it is carried on ; the one by means of the drift net, the other by means of the seine. The former mode is practised chiefly on the south coast. A net half-a-mile in length, with one end attached to the boat, is allowed to drift about in deep water, whither the tide may carry it. Passing shoals in their course are intercepted by it, and in their efforts to pass through, many fish become entangled in the meshes. The number thus caught of a night often amounts to several thousands per boat, but the fish are usually smaller than the seine fish. The fishing upon the north coast is, however, carried on almost exclusively by means of the seine, the principle of which is alto- gether different from that of the drift net, whilst the machinery is on a far more extensive scale. The success, too, of the seine fishery is more uncertain and the catches less frequent, although, when they do occur, the quantities are immense, one seine not un- frequently securing as many as 2000 hogsheads; many years ago, a seine at St. Ives took up as many as 5000 hogsheads. On account of the expense incurred in the prosecution of the undertaking (the seine apparatus, altogether, costing about £1500), a company is formed to supply the requisite funds. Each “concern” consists of three boats, having different names and distinct offices : first, there is the Seine-boat, which is 37ft. long; next comes the Vollier or Follower, of about the same size ; and then the Lurker, a much smaller boat, but which does all kinds of useful work, dodging about in search of the fish and hanging near the “school,” or shoal, when found. In order to avoid confusion and dispute among the different companies engaged in the fishery, (there are nine such “concerns” at Newquay) an arrangement is made between them by which each has allotted to it, during the season, a distinct portion of the bay. The stations, however, are changed daily or weekly, according to agreement: and out of its “turn” no seine may shoot, except in the absence of those deputed to occupy the adjoining stations. Along the hills and cliffs of Newquay the visitor will scarcely fail to observe posts fixed into the ground at certain intervals. The relative positions of these indi. cate to the boats out at sea their proper and distinct boundaries. The general complement to each seine is twenty men,or thereabouts, who besides their wages and allowances of drinkables, have a share in the fish caught; not a bad plan, as it ensures their best endea- vours to catch all they can. Sometimes these men, during a season, perhaps within a fortnight, will make as much as forty and fifty pounds each. Among those engaged the most conspicuous, and per- haps the most important, man is the“ huer.” It is his duty to watch all day upon the cliff or beacon for the approach of shoals of fish, which these old hands are very expert in detecting even miles away. The season during which they expect the fish to pass up and down this coast, begins generally about the month of August, and lasts until that of November. There is, however, not much success usually until the end of September or the beginning of October; the best catches being generally made in the last month. The early fish are not thought so much of, the shoals being usually lighter and the fish smaller, although they yield, proportionately, a larger quantity of oil. Let us now imagine that one of these huers, stationed upon the cliffs or beacon, sees, not far out upon the quiet sea, a momentary flash as of a silver streak. It looks, to his experienced eye, like a “break” of fish. He watches intently the same spot through his spy-glass; it breaks again ; it is without doubt a shoal of pilchards. The flashes come nearer, and now he is able to observe that there is “colour,” indicating that a large body of fish is present. The prize is worth securing, and no time must be lost. He takes his great trumpet, four feet in length, places it to his mouth, and with all his might raises the “Cry.” The sounds reverberate along the cliffs and hill-sides, and in the town; everyone both far and near hears the well-known sound. The alarm is taken up by other trum- peters, and in a few moments, upon the beacon where several of these huers are stationed, a scene of frantic excitement ensues ; each huer calling upon and cheering his own men in such terms as these : —“Hurrah the Rose," "Hurrah the Speculation,” “Hurrah the Unity,” and so on, according to the name of the seine: so that a person who knew not the cause of all this noise and excitement, might well fear that an enemy's forces were landing. These calls are momentarily responded to; for immediately along the streets are seen running, men, women, and children who call; as they run “ Hurrah, the cry is up:” the first are in breathless haste to gain and man the boats, whilst the others are all deeply anxious to wit- ness the success of an enterprise which, they know, may bring to them and to hundreds of poor homes, riches and comforts to cheer the winter gloom. In five minutes the pier is crowded with men in a state of the wildest excitement. Some eager to get on board their craft, are jumping from boat to boat, some are throwing over the mooring, whilst others are getting out the oars; so that in a wonderfully short time, one after another of these six-oared galleys emerges from the quay amidst the hurrahing and shouting of the huers, and are being rowed with racing speed to take up their respective positions, in readiness to intercept the sighted shoal. The huer, in whose "turn” the “school” may be, is always the most excited, and his crews are always the most eager to be out. The little fleet have all got out and are waiting in their turns the re-appearance of the fish, which, for a time, let us imagine, have been lost sight of. All eyes on board the boats are directed towards the huers, who from the hill and cliffs can generally discern the fish even better than those who are near. The huer directs all the movements of the crews, and by calling to them through his trum- pet and by making signals, informs them when to pull, when to ease their oars, and when to shoot the seine. The fish have again appeared. The huer, in whose turn the fish are, immediately gives orders to his seine, to pull ahead and intercept them; and the mo- ment they are in position the signal is given to shoot. The men, who have been standing in readiness at the seine for some time, throw away as fast as hands can move, the boat at the same time pulls ahead, encircling, if it can, the whole “ school ;" so that, in about five minutes, 110 fathoms of heavy net, 70 feet in depth, with leads and corks, have been cast overboard, and now the next seine boat looks out in readiness to shoot; for it is seldom that one seine succeeds in enclosing the whole of a large shoal. The first seine, then, having enclosed, the boats begin warping the net against the tide, at the same time bringing together and making secure the two ends. This being done the fish are effect- ually shut in; but they are even yet unsafe, for they are probably in deep water where a strong current is also running, there is danger therefore lest the net should get lifted, or lest the body of fish being so great should force an opening underneath, so that great care and vigilance have still to be exercised to prevent their escape. The next thing, then, is to get the seine into shallow water, and this is done by those in the boats hauling away with ropes upon the net, until it is brought in near the shore. It is only now that feel. ings of safety may be indulged in. · The fish usually come into the bay on the flood tides and frequently not before the day is drawing to a close, so that the work of warping has oftentimes to be continued through the night. Deep anxiety is felt, meanwhile, by those on shore, as to the safety of the fish, but they are re-assured at intervals during the night, by hearing the sound of distant cheering wafted across the water. This is the hurrahing of the men as they every now and then observe the jump or sparkle of the fish within the seine. The seine, then, with its living freight having been safely moored in shallow water, the process of "tucking” is commenced. When there is a heavy enclosure, they must be careful not to begin this too soon before the fish are sufficiently tame, lest by sudden fright or panic among them, a rush in one direction should force the seine and allow the fish to make their escape. The tucking forms a busy, interesting, and beautiful sight. Two boats, the seine boat and the lurker, first pull alongside the seine, which lies anchored a short dis- tance out. The larger boat has on board a net of comparatively small dimensions, which they commence shooting into the middle of the captured shoal, the smaller boat, meanwhile, by means of the splashing of oars, &c., driving the fish into the quarter where they may most easily be caught. The tuck-net is then gradually drawn up at each end, the space within the seine becoming less and less until by and bye the fish begin to swarm within their contracted limits. The net is still drawn closer to the side of the boat, and now the fish have no longer room to swim, but have acquired the appearance of one boiling, bubbling mass, whilst the silvery scales of the leaping fish sparkle with dazzling brilliancy in the shining sun. Without delay they commence getting them on board. Men sitting astride the gunwale, with one leg in the water and the other in the boat, begin with deep baskets, dipping into the seething mass. At each successive stroke they bring up a basketful of jumping, glistening fish, which they unceremoniously throw into the bottom of the boat, where they continue to jump and glitter, until borne down and covered by those that follow. As the process of emptying the tuck is continued, the net is constantly being drawn up in order to keep the fish en masse, and the baling is carried on, until at last the net is quite empty, when it is again shot and another "tuck” is made. By and bye the boat becomes laden to the gunwale. She is then rowed into the pier, whilst another takes her place at the seine. On arriving at the quay, the laden boat is at once surrounded by eager purchasers, who, in their anxiety to get served, wade up to their waists in water, or drive their carts so far out that they almost swim; and it is a most ludicrous sight on these occasions to witness the efforts made to reach the shore again; for, owing to the burden deposited in the cart, its wheels sink deeply into the sand, and the poor beast, almost drowned by the rising of the tide, is quite unable to move the load a single inch. The excitement at the pier, at these times, is tremendous, and the scene, altogether, is one worthy the pencil of Hogarth; once witnessed it can never be forgotten. During a heavy catch in which several seines have been successful, six or seven of these great boats, laden with fish, lie in the pier at one time, with all hands on board as busy as they can be, filling, with their broad wooden spades, flasket after flasket and cart after cart. During the great catch of 1866, the streets of Newquay were lined for more than half a mile with carts and carriages; and it was calculated that in one day 1300 vehicles, of all kinds, entered the town, whilst the bay was full of boats, which came from all parts of the coast to carry back a cargo of pilchards. During the time that the demands of purchasers are being attended to, cartloads of fish are being filled and carried off to the respective cellars, where preparations have been made for the "bulking” or curing. This kind of excitement continues at the quay day after day until all the fish have been taken up and disposed of. Sometimes, the catch is so great that the nets have to remain in the water a whole fortnight, before the last of the fish can be landed, during which time, the little creatures noses are rubbed quite raw in consequence of continued contact with the net in their efforts to free themselves. Whilst all this busy turmoil has been going on, in and about the quay, an equally busy and interesting scene has been carried on both day and night, in the fish cellars, by those engaged in the "bulking.” Let us pay them a visit. As we enter we shall be struck with the great hubbub and confusion of voices. The women, whom we see ranged in a long line along the side of the cellar, are in the majority, few men being present. On the floor there are great heaps of fish, from which boys and girls are seen running to and fro with baskets, supplying the wants of the bulkers; others are engaged in supplying them with salt, which lies stored at one end of the cellar. The women, then, being thus supplied with fish and salt, go on day after day and night after night, building from the ground upwards, alternate layers of fish and salt. The rapidity and precision with which they place the fish is quite astonishing, and can only be acquired after long practice. By and bye these closely packed millions assume bulky proportions and present one solid mass of fish, 5ft. high by 6ft. deep, and ranging along the whole length of the cellar. In this state they remain for five or six weeks, at the end of which time they are in condition to be packed for the Italian market. They are then taken out of bulk, carefully washed of their salt, and with great neatness and regularity packed in barrels. When full these are placed under powerful presses, by which process a quantity of oil, varying from one to three gallons per hogshead, is pressed out on to the grooved floor, along which it flows into a deep well made for its reception. After refilling and repres- sing, the barrels are finally closed up and now only await shipment. Pilchards thus prepared are called “fumadoes,” a name they have retained since the days when they used to be smoke-dried, or, more probably, they were so called by the foreign purchasers, who, never having visited Cornwall, supposed them to have been so prepared. Among the fishermen they go by the name of “fairmaids;" evidently a corruption of fumadoes. Each hogshead of fish weighs about 41 cwt., and contains about two thousand seven hundred pilchards. Their price varies very considerably, ranging from thirty to seventy shillings per hogshead, which is governed, in a great measure, by the quantity caught upon the coast during the season; the Italian market depending almost entirely for its supply, on the fishery of Cornwall. The seines of late years have been very fortunate; but for several years together there is oftentimes a total absence of success which is exceedingly trying to the speculators. During these dis- heartening periods, nets, boats, and cellars are often allowed to fall into a wretched condition, but all this is soon put right again after two or three years' good catches. Sometimes, as in the past year, 1871, large quantities of fish are enclosed, but owing to a sequence of foul weather, or to shooting too near the rocks, not only are the fish lost, but the seines are also destroyed. On some occasions the heavily laden seines have burst and nearly the whole of the fish have been washed in upon the shore. Once this happened upon a Sunday, and adequately to describe the scene upon the beach upon that occa- sion would be impossible. Every place of worship in Newquay and the neighbourhood around, if not quite empty, was nearly so, for cartloads of fish were to be had merely for the trouble of gathering them together. For weeks after, the beach was strewn with their remains. The pilchard is a very beautiful fish to look at. Not very large, being something less than the size of a herring, silvery bright with a tinge of pink here and there upon its scales, it has large lustrous, gold and black eyes; and not only are they beautiful to view but deliciously savoury to the taste when eaten fresh. Many of the poor live on them throughout the winter, and not only so but are clothed and housed and warmed by the money brought in by the fishery. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Book Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Primary Text: Cornish Pilchard Fishery Description An account of the resource An 1872 text describing the methods used to catch and package pilchards along the Cornish coast of England. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J. C. O. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwgc1c&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=10&amp;skin=2021">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwgc1c&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=10&amp;skin=2021</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource ebook Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hathi Trust Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 12 December 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rebecca Miller & Tori O'Dea Subject The topic of the resource Fishing Cornwall fishing pilchards https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/c7b64411e40a0f221739b1ee931b9e9b.jpg 939216729fb21c890c3a03933c2ee67d https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/cf9867c691e2e30b42a7b59e931c1582.jpg dd7ff36a905dc729509875844c8176d8 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/f7ecff5dabee4530f198bfec8353956b.jpg 5aaf988abcdd9d2ed39c1d8f1ad63dd5 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/45ee03f4710639eee48d6d52e07c4867.jpg 7fc27ee44e38436f8625e922a2836bad https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/d02c9095a59eb8f43bf247643253abe3.jpg 7b04d284e4941d1637c4a341a1578794 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix C: Economic Context Description An account of the resource Information on the economic context for To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rebecca Miller and Victoria O'Dea Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document THE HOUSEKEEPER'S GUIDE TO THE FISH MARKET FOR EACH MONTH OF THE YEAR : AND SOME ACCOUNT OF FISH AND FISHERIES, TO WHICH ARE ADDED A FEW EXCELLENT Recipes for Cooking some sorts of Fish. BY THE LATE J. C. BELLAMY, F.R.C.S., Author of " Natural History of South Devon," &c. &c. EDITED AND REVISED BY SOMERS BELLAMY, Author of " The New Sheksperian Dictionary," &c. &c. London: CITY OF LONDON PUBLISHING COMPANY, LIMITED, 5, FRIAR STREET, BROADWAY, E.C. ; AND BLOOMSBURY MANSION, HART STREET, W.C. CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 1.-Economical Register and Monthly List. 17.—Table showing the months in which Fishes: are “in season.' 21.-Observations respecting the seasons in which Fishes are edible.—Fish as a Diet. 26.—Considerations connected with the econo- mical importance of our Fisheries. 34.—Migrations of Fishes. 40.-Table of the Migration of the Salmon and Peal. 44.-Economical Uses of some Fishes, in addi- tion to their common consumption. 46.-Some Baits. 49.-Memoranda respecting Fishes, &c. 56.--Additional Memoranda by the Editor. 73.—Memoranda respecting Fly-Fishing. 74.-Appendix-Law relating' to Salmon Fish- eries, &c. 77.—Recipes for cooking some sorts of Fish, culled by the Editor. A 2 PREFACE. "The author of this little book hopes it is :supererogation to suggest an apology for its production, or to argue the importance of his :subject. Every civilised community should, he thinks, be aware of the natural resources which surround it,-offering to the mercan- tile, the trading, the industrious, and even the wealthier classes much of the means of their support. He here brings under the notice of the Merchant the character and circumstances of our fisheries,-produces to the Fishmonger statements affecting his immediate interests, -offers to the Man of Science certain facts and views calculated to promote the study of fishes,-bears to the Community at large such practical information as intimately concerns Domestic Economy,—and ap- proaches the Fisherman of all estates and denominations with a few items referring to his avocations. If further pleas for the production of this work are required of him, besides those above named, he points to the importance of gathering together the scattered items of the statistical conditions of the community, PREFACE. to the undeniable need which exists for records respecting Ictluyology, whereby science may be advanced, to the demand the interests of public health make for an index which shall guide the purchase of a food variable in quality from excellence to noxiousness, in nearly all species, according to “season,” to the probably neglected sources of profit and economical arrangement, and lastly to the glaring necessity the whole condition of the Fisheries exhibits, for the appointment of legal restraints on certain practises, and of suited officers to watch the application and results of these. The tribe of fishes, greatly secluded as they are from human view, are in a very different position as respects a recorded his- tory of their numbers, habits, characters, &c., from other classes of creatures. No instru- ment has yet been devised by which our vision can penetrate the recesses of their element, and, the means we possess for withdrawing them from their abodes are particularly scanty. Observers of Nature situated like myself, under the control of restraining circumstances, cannot possibly possess themselves of very extensive information regarding the Icthyology of a country like this, presenting at once a marine and a fluviatile department: a daily pursuit of the subject by the most active measures, would alone, after the lapse of years, enable a PREFACE. vii Naturalist to acquire a fund of facts of which he could fairly boast. A great number of circumstances in the history of the tribe .conspire, also, to restrict our knowledge of it, the whole class being replete with irregu- larity of conduct. The construction of a calendar for the months will not apply rigidly to all English fisheries, as respects times of migratory and other proceedings; the males and the young of some species observe rules of their own in their move- ments ; the period allotted to spawning extends, in some species, over a considerable range of time ; some spawn at two or more different periods ; some are interfered with by circumstance of food and temperature ; hence the uncertainty of many statements even when experience is considerable. Few families or genera of fishes seem to own any common instinct or one common propensity in regard of general habits, and, though we well know that “all discord” is “harmony not understood,” we are sometimes apt to think that confusion and caprice pervade the economy of the waters. JOHN CREMER BELLAMY, F.R.C.S. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Book Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Primary Text: The housekeeper's guide to the fish market for each month of the year : and some account of fish and fisheries, to which are added a few excellent recipes for cooking some sorts of fish: Preface Description An account of the resource An 1883 "Housekeeper's Guide" to navigating the local fish markets and the seasonality of various fish in the British Isles. The full text contains seasonal calendars and a variety of recipes for the most common fish. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John C. Bellamy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.rsl5rg&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=2&amp;skin=2021">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.rsl5rg&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=2&amp;skin=2021</a>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.rsl5rg&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=2&amp;skin=2021 Type The nature or genre of the resource ebook Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hathi Trust Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 12 December 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rebecca Miller & Tori O'Dea https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/79d3ad83befc474de70a7760c7982a93.jpg 71bb902833e9dc4db9f160be175e7747 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/a20fa32aed5575969c7b2b4e0decb228.jpg f9a66540463645134f224ecc783f02b3 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/cbd8ad938d6d8f635a1e916ef386de7e.jpg 5356457e64bb8f5984c9615eb916129a https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/ffebbb02b1e5ab9d8581ab2c8361bd07.jpg 9c73f786a6143f18584294d7ae97938c https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/5501568c081f6fc047f3595954bb6662.jpg 958a2daae29c9d224610aaf975e0b6fa https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/e7e10388487b97f19b5e42c315d1408d.jpg 916ce16baea3ff1ba7a1150649578a42 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/bcfb5e4f167073a921f36120dd610afe.jpg fbed7a9bb54cf67671059da2acec0092 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/84861f63bad4a91ea9a518d38ce43c0b.jpg 63e7607126bc26790605e2ff19b0f6d5 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/bd846bedb4d2a11c6512d160d3183af2.jpg a433702c39332ab74d228b6ff604a7cc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix C: Economic Context Description An account of the resource Information on the economic context for To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rebecca Miller and Victoria O'Dea Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Book Text Any textual data included in the document CHAPTER II. CAPE CORNWALL TO GODREVY HEAD. Haven, bears, Mib, N. E., distanty.W. we Bearings from Cape Cornwall.–St. Ann's Light, Milford Haven, bears N.E. by N. northerly, distant ninety-five miles. Saltee's Lightship, N. & E., distant one hundred and twenty miles and a half. Cork Harbour, N N.W. westerly, one hundred and forty miles. Lundy Island Lighthouse, N.E. E. easterly, seventy-three miles. Trevose Head, E.N.E., thirty-six miles. The Smalls Light, N.N.E. northerly, ninety-six miles. Dangers between Cape Cornwall and Battery Point, W. side of St. Ives Bay.—The coast trends N.E. to Pendeen Point, two miles and a half from Cape Cornwall, and is much indented, the cliffs varying from 2oft. to 100ft. On Pendeen Point, which juts out like Castle Treryn, there is a watch-house. Three rocks lie off this point, called The Wra, or Three Stone Oar. They are always above water and are steep-to. Between Cape Cornwall and these rocks there is Manver Rock, dry at half ebb, two-thirds of a cable from Botallack Head. Cokle Marney Rock is dry at half ebb, and lies one cable in a northerly direction from Botallack Head. N.W. of Pendeen Point are the Skinvynecks, distant one cable and a half. The two inner ones dry at one-third ebb, and the outer one is awash at low-water. The Three Stone Oar Rocks are one-third of a mile N.E. of the watch-hill, Pendeen Point, and are only just above ordinary spring tides. Avarrack Rock, lying S.W. by W. three-quarters of a mile from the Three Stone Oar Rocks, is dry at half ebb. There is a cove one mile E. of Pendeen Point, with a coast- guard station and rocket apparatus. Off the cove, N.E., at two cables from the shore, lie the Mozen Rocks, which dry at three-quarters ebb. Gurnard Head is three miles E. of Pendeen Cove, off which lie several detached rocks. The Ebal is the largest of them, and is covered at high-water springs. It is one cable from the shore. Gurnard Head is a singularly striking jagged headland, 185ft. high. There is a deeply-recessed cove on its E. side. From this headland to Carn Naun Point, or Trefalgen Point, is about two miles and a half, with several coves and rocks in between, all of which can be cleared by keeping half a mile off the shore, none of the dangers lying out farther than two cables and a half. From Carn Naun, or Trefalgen Point, the coast bears E. by S. } S. to Battery or St. Ives Point, distant two miles and a half. The Caraks lie half a mile W. of Carn Naun, and are two cables off shore. The highest part is 25ft. above high-water. The rest of the rocks uncover at the last quarter ebb. The land behind Carn Naun is high and rugged. St. Ives Bay lies between Battery or St. Ives Point and Godrevy Head, and is three miles and a half across from E. to W., and is two iniles deep. Battery Point is 104ft. high, with a pilot watch-house and a three-gun battery on it. As the coast recedes little of St. Ives can be seen until quite round the point, which is fairly steep-to. When well to the eastward of this point the town will appear rising up the side of the hill, with Tregenna Castle on a hill to the S. of the town, while on a hill further S. is Knill's Monument (an obelisk), behind which will be seen Trecroben Hill (590ft.). The bay is entirely open to northerly winds, the best anchorage being in eight or nine fathoms stiff clay, with Battery Point bearing N.W. 1 W., and Knill's Monument open E. of a farm bearing S.W. · W. But this is an impossible anchorage with N. or even W. winds, and is not very comfortable with a strong E. one. As a matter of fact, St. Ives is not a place which offers any shelter except with off-shore winds. The harbour dries nearly 6ft. above low-water springs. There is 14ft. at high-water springs and 8ft. at neaps. At the pier-head there is 20ft. at high-water. A stone pier, 166yds. long, was built in 1770, and an addition of rooyds. has since been added. There is a breakwater, 200yds. long, but the outer end of piles and rubbish have been destroyed by gales to the extent of 140ft., and the ruins of it form a half-tide reef, called Fisherman's Reef. The bottom of the harbour is sand covered with shingle. The fishing-boats moor to iron posts fixed above high-water-mark for bow-posts, and to two buoys for stern-fasts. They often come adrift owing to the heavy ground swell. It will at once be seen that this is no place for a yacht. Light.—On the inner pier a fixed light is shown at the height of 28ft. above high-water, showing red through an arc of 6odeg. between the bearings of S. 17deg. W. and S. 83deg. W., cover- ing the breakwater; and white S. of the red sector, where there is roft. or more at the pier-head, and green when there is less than Toft. Visible nine miles. There is an old light-tower standing inshore of this light, but it is disused. Directions.-St. Ives is easy to enter as regards absence of dangers other than those arising from the sea. It goes without saying that with on-shore gales it had better be avoided. Mer- ran Rock, lying between Battery Point and the outer pier, covers when there is a depth of 12ft. in the harbour. Keep Knill's Monument open E. of the outer pier or breakwater and round up to the stone pier, to which it will be well to make fast as far in as possible if there is room, otherwise a vessel must use legs unless she can take the ground easily. The W. pier is constructing, meanwhile two red lights are shown on it vertically. Tides. - It is high-water, full and change, at 4hr. 44min. local time, or 5hr. 6min. Greenwich time. Springs rise 21ft.; neaps, 15ft. Hayle Estuary.-At the head, or S., of St. Ives Bay lies the entrance to Hayle Creek, the outlet of several small streams. As the whole isthmus across to Marazion on Mounts Bay is not more than five miles there is not much room for a large river. The whole coast from Carbis Bay to Godrevy Head is bordered by wide sands. A channel is kept open to allow of vessels drawing 14ft. to enter at high-water by sluicing the estuary from reservoirs, and a half-tide dyke, 643yds. long, extends from Chapel Anjou Point on the W. side of the entrance, on which are five perches or warping posts, and two black buoys mark the continuation of the sand bank seaward. Square red buoys, with rings for warping, mark the E. side. The outer red buoy is a can buoy. The bar, marked by a black nun buoy, has a depth of 2oft. at high-water springs, and 14ft. high-water neaps, and is dry at low-water ; but vessels drawing 6ft. can get up as far as Lelant at three-quarters flood. Tide Lights.-On the W. side, at Chapel Anjou Point, two fixed white lights are shown when there is 12ft. on the bar. The high light is painted red and stands on three legs. The low lighthouse is placed on four legs and painted black. They are 92yds. apart, and are 8ift. and 59ft. above high-water. The lights are visible six miles. The lights are shifted as the bar changes. Lelant Church is a good mark to steer for over the W. point of Hayle entrance until the bar buoy is seen. At Lelant Quay, opposite Hayle on the W. side, a red light is shown. The coast from Hayle Bar Buoy is bordered with sand, stretching out nearly a quarter of a mile from the shore as far as Godrevy Head. Towans, or sand hills, fringe the coast as far as Gwythian, where the shore becomes steep, with rocks showing through the sand. Bassack Rock lies S.W. by S. of Godrevy Island, four cables, from the shore. It dries at two-thirds ebb. Lelant Church open of Black Cliff, S.W., clears it to the N.W. Godrevy Head is 228ft. high, and is bold, but with ledges extending off it one cable and a half. Godrevy Island lies off the head. It is Soft. high, with an islet off its N.W. side. The S.E. side is foul with rocks, drying at half ebb. On the S.W. is a reef awash at low-water, half- a-cable off, called Shore Lanner. There is a channel, with 6ft. low-water, one cable wide, between the island and the head. Godrevy Lighthouse.-In an octagonal tower, 86ft. high, is shown a flashing white light from a height of 120ft. above high-water, giving a fash every rosec., visible fifteen miles. To point out The Stones, a fixed red light is shown from the same tower, 27ft. below the flashing light. The red light is only visible between the bearings of S. by E. & E. to S.E. E. Fog-signal.-- A bell is sounded every 5sec. The Stones.—These dangers lie one mile and a tenth from Godrevy Lighthouse, bearing N.W. } N. Hevah Rock is the outermost of these rocks, and uncovers at low-water springs, and the rocky bank is one cable and a half in extent to the three-fathoms depth. Between it and the eastern group of rocks, extending nearly half a mile, is a deep-water channel, with a strong tide setting through it. The eastern rocks, which show at low-water, are four, uncovering from one-third to three- quarters ebb. A black buoy with staff and ball is moored in ten fathoms, a quarter of a mile N.E. of the Hevah Rock, but it is often washed away. Clearing Marks.-Gurnard Head, open of Carn Naun, W. by S., leads one-third of a mile N. of The Stones. Gwinear Church (behind Gwythian) in line with the E. side of Godrevy Island, S. & W., leads E. of The Stones ; and Gwinear Church, in line with the old engine chimney, bearing S. by E. & E., leads to the W. of them. The Sound between The Stones and Godrevy Island is nearly half-a-mile wide, with four fathoms and three quarters depth. Trecobben Hill (590ft.) between Carrack Gladdon Farm and Fishery Beacon House, bearing S.W. \ W., leads through. Remarks on the appearance of the coast and objects of interest visible from the sea, or worth visiting from St. Ives, between Cape Cornwall and Godrevy Head. — The coast is very rugged and forbidding-looking after Cape Cornwall is passed. The celebrated Botallack mine lies just beyond the Cape. This mine goes down to the depth of 1050ft., and some of its galleries extend 12ooſt. or more under the sea. The roar of the waves is said to be heard distinctly down below when the Atlantic is tumbling home before a howling N.W. or W. gale. The Prince of Wales visited this mine with the Princess when he took his bride to make the acquaintance of her new Duchy. Behind Botallack, St. Just, in Penarth, is seen. The church is very interesting, with a tomb to one Silus, said to date from the sixth century. There is some quaint Celtic tracery, and the columns have unique capitals. In the village there is what is called a British amphitheatre, and several ancient prehistoric monuments are in the neighbourhood. It was St. Just who behaved so badly to St. Keverne when he dined with him. He stole his spoons. St. Keverne did not actually know this, but he knew “St. Joost.” So after dinner he said he would see him home part of the way, anyhow. It was only a walk of about thirty miles, but Cornish saints thought nothing of that. On the way he picked up some stones ; they did not weigh more than half-a-ton or so each. He was able to conceal these about his person, as saints did not wear trousers, only loose frocks. When they reached Breage, nearly half-way to St. Just, St. Keverne said he must be going back, but would like to take his spoons with him if St. Just did not mind. St. Just did mind, however, and was very indignant. However, St. Keverne, after listening politely for a short time, produced his stones, with which he proceeded to bombard the person of his saintly brother, whereupon St. Just dropped the spoons and ran. The stones are there at Tremen Keverne, near Breage, to this day, and there are no others like them, except at Crousa- down, where St. Keverne picked them up. So there is no doubt about the story. Sailing E. we see Pendeen Point. Behind it is a new church built in imitation of the cathedral of Iona, at the expense of Mr. Aitken, the vicar. Pendeen House dates from the seventeenth century, and there is an ancient cave-dwelling near it. Lanyon Cromlech, or the Giant's Quoit, lies inland, from the centre of the bay, between Pendeen Point and Gurnard Head, about two miles as the crow flies. The upper slab is 18ft. long by 8ft. broad, and three stones about 5ft. high sup- port it. There is another cromlech close by on Lanyon Farm; and the Men-an-Tol, or Holed Stone, with the Men Scryfa, or stone inscribed with the words “Rialobran Cunova Fil” encised on it, are a few yards farther on. These prehistoric remains precisely resenible the menhirs and dolmens of Brittany, and were evidently erected by the same or kindred people. Conspicuous behind the rugged headland of Gurnard is Mulfra Quoit, a high hill crowned by a ruined cromlech, from which there is a magnificent view over Mounts Bay and the Bristol Channel. • The picturesque village of Zennor lies below, with its fishing. cove and old church. Behind Carn Naun the hills rise steeply, and the scenery is wild – Zennor lying in a deep valley shut out from the rest of the world by rugged steeps and moorland. The contrast between the N. and S. coasts is very conspicuous when ashore. All here is bleak and barren, whereas at Gulval, only six miles away, tropical plants grow in the open air. St. Ives is built on the steep slopes of hills, to its considerable discomfort sometimes after heavy rains, as the water pours down through the steep streets, flooding the shops and houses. The rains of December, 1894, were remarkable for the destruction they caused. The old name of the town was Porth-la, from the name of an Irish virgin who travelled with St. Piran when he came over as a missionary in 460. Here she died and was buried. It is curious to note how in the fourth and fifth centuries everybody was busy converting some one else. The Bretons say the Welsh or British saints came over and converted them; the Cornishmen say Irish saints converted them; the Irish say that they were converted by the Scotch ; and the Scotch by the Gauls. But they were all doing it about the same time, and no one seems to have thought of converting their own people. However, St. la gave her name to St. Ives. The town suffered during the Cornish revolt in 1549, when so much landed property changed hands, passing from the old families into the possession of the new courriers ; and again in the civil wars of Charles I. The population is 6445, and there is a very comfortable hotel, Tregenna Castle, standing in beautiful grounds. The railway station is the terminus of the branch line of the Great Western Railway from St. Erth. The quay is very busy in the pilchard season, from July to October, and the fishing-luggers are smart, handsome craft. They have to moor stoutly in the harbour owing to the scour of the sea in westerly and northerly gales. The church is a fifteenth-century building with a Norman font, and the bones of St. la-so they say. Battery Point is at the end of what is called the island. Boat-building is carried on here and at Hayle ; but the chief support of the place is the pilchard fishery, the fish being exported to Italy. The monument which has been referred to as a sea-mark is a granite pyramid erected by John Knill, collector of customs, in 1782, at St. Ives, in memory of himself. He died in 1791, and established a quinquennial festival to his own memory. By his will he left property to provide for the following items of expenditure: £10 for a dinner for the mayor, the vicar, and the collector of customs, who may each invite three guests; £5 to be divided among ten little girls, born in the borough, who are to dance round his grave ; £ I to the fiddler to play to the girls ; £2 to two widows who are 10 act as chaperons ; £i for ribbons ; £i for an account book and a marriage- portion for a St. Ives woman selected for good conduct; £5 as a prize for knitting nets; £5 for curing pilchards ; and 65 to two “follower boys." The date of the festival is July 25. At Carbis Bay there is a watering-place, and it is becoming a favourite bathing-place. Lelant is an old fishing village, and a great resort of the pilchard boats. It has a quay, and might be a good place to lay up small yachts; it is opposite Hayle. At Hayle there is a fair amount of foreign and coasting trade. The wharves accommodate a good inany vessels. There are building slips and machinery works, and there is a steam tug to assist vessels in and out. If only there were a little more water always in the river Hayle would be a convenient shelter to stop at in coasting up the Bristol Channel. The coast is bordered by sand hills, some rooft. high, between Phillack, on the E. side of Hayle estuary, and Gwythian, which is the last village before Godrevy Head is reached. Inland the country rises to high hills, lying between Cam- borne, Penrhyn, and Helston, but the view offers nothing of a remarkable nature. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Primary text: Sailing Tours: The Yachtsman's Guide to the Cruising Waters of the English Coast: Chapter 2 Description An account of the resource Manual describing the boating routes along the coast of England and Scotland published in 1895. Chapter 2 describes the journey around Cornwall and the dangers of sailing by Godrevy Island, including a description of the function of the lighthouse. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Cowper Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn5w39&view=1up&seq=10&skin=2021 Type The nature or genre of the resource ebook Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hathi Trust Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6 December 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rebecca Miller & Tori O'Dea https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/acd08609b3fd9ea148cdb4e52a2f8170.jpg 06821786ed99e6b2979427e5386d588c https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/7389458bf0bdf5c7ee9fc233a33e6993.jpg 3f30ca3bbcec51cce7e935d794a20f9b https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/5c60875ddad1c7b8fc8f2be0a0384f88.jpg cc550d96a3c44365fb232be8ec765cd1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix C: Economic Context Description An account of the resource Information on the economic context for To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rebecca Miller and Victoria O'Dea Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Book Text Any textual data included in the document THE MANAGEMENT OF SERVANTS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. In the course of writing a former work, “Manners and Tone of Good Society," it was found that the duties of servants, or rather the manner in which those duties were performed, came prominently for- ward, and greatly influenced the smooth working of the domestic machinery, and that without the con- stant co-operation of well-trained servants, domestic machinery is completely thrown out of gear, and the best bred of hostesses placed at a disadvantage. The idea was thus conceived of writing the present work to serve as an auxiliary or aid to those masters and mistresses whose servants are either inexperienced or indifferently trained. To demonstrate the method, the manner, the style, in which things should be done, has been the object in view throughout these pages. The behaviour and bearing of servants in the performance of their duties have also been duly considered, being essential points in their training An agreeable chatty style of writing is as pleasant to read, as it is facile to write, and carries both reader and author over the ground almost with a bound, but this style has its drawbacks in a book of rules for frequent reference, as the present work purports to be. To envelop a rule, or a chapter of rules, in a cloud of pleasantries, sparkling or otherwise, as the capacity of the author may de- termine, sprinkled and seasoned with many apt quotations from well-known literary lights, scarcely tends to elucidate a particular subject or rule, or to enlighten the reader in following any direct method. Bewilderment, and a vague uncertainty as to thơ author's meaning, are likely to be the result of many dissertations and deviations from the main point. Therefore, in these pages, the main point has been strictly kept in view, all inclination to be other than tedious has been restrained, and simplicity of diction in conveying the most intricate of instructions has been steadily adhered to. This didactic and un- relieved mode of handling the subject, necessarily engendered much tautology and not a little repetition, but as the mainspring of instruction is repetition, repetition in works of this description becomes a welcome feature. This work is especially written for the use of masters and mistresses, to enable them to instruct their servants as to the correct method in which every duty should be performed ; and to give this instruction without hesitation or doubt as to how things should be done, with but little or no trouble to themselves. The method of waiting at table, and every branch of domestic service, in force in the households of the upper classes of society, both on large and small scales, from the stately mansion to the bijou resi- dence, has been fully gone into and explained. Thus every class of master and mistress will find the present volume applicable to their servants, and to their surroundings, and may confidently and unhesitatingly follow its lead. The technical and manual portions of this work have been gathered from experienced and competent servants, whose long service in families of position is sufficient guarantee as to the class of information supplied by them; and it is owing to this valuable assistance that the writer is enabled to place before the public the most comprehensive details of domestic service. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Primary Source: The Management of Servants: A Practical Guide to the Routine of Domestic Service, Chapter 1: Introduction Description An account of the resource Introduction to the manual for households employing domestic servants. Entire manual contains further reading chapters on categories such as "Households: Their Various Scales," "Engaging and Dismissing Servants," and "Opening the Door, and Announcing Visitors" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Member of the aristocracy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31175008555065&view=1up&seq=1&skin=2021 Type The nature or genre of the resource ebook Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hathi Trust Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6 December 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rebecca Miller & Tori O'Dea https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/cc499143ebd6ce33a76530b649184dd8.jpg c4b15db0c88fc44ca028121b3bc560c8 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/04229ba97e468b8a105e8a2c547a1f4a.jpg dc5e0f013e6484a75c90e7c166f886d2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix C: Economic Context Description An account of the resource Information on the economic context for To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rebecca Miller and Victoria O'Dea Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper Text Any textual data included in the document A parliamentary bill "to prevent mischievous practices" with drift-net when fishing for pilchards. This bill restricts the use of drift-nets from June-November with fines enforced if fishers are caught using the nets during that time. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Reasons Humbly Proposed" Description An account of the resource A measure presented in Parliament in 1680 opposing a bill that restricted the use of drift-nets in coastal fishing. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anonymous Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Huntington Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Parliamentary Bill Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2240854054/pageLevelImage/133C3CE2D8C64014PQ/1?accountid=12163&amp;imgSeq=1">ProQuest</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 4 December 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rebecca Miller & Tori O'Dea Subject The topic of the resource Fishing Economy fishing https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/df5ed20083c277a372ae62a9c8909245.jpg 11a96ffa66a7bb5b3e1bb931e2f93aa5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix C: Economic Context Description An account of the resource Information on the economic context for To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rebecca Miller and Victoria O'Dea Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photograph Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cornish Fishermen Description An account of the resource A photograph of local fishermen in Sennen Cove, Cornwall. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Michael John Ireland Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mz6g.9">"Tourism, Kinship, and Social Change in Sennen Cove, Cornwall"</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Photograph Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Amsterdam University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 4 December 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rebecca Miller & Tori O'Dea Subject The topic of the resource Fishing Economy Cornwall fishing https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/c2a45e09f3b54c5bffc49b7bf326bd5b.jpg 9d918aa8bf85b745d287f7c3dbc42831 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix C: Economic Context Description An account of the resource Information on the economic context for To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rebecca Miller and Victoria O'Dea Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Great Western Railway Advertisement Description An account of the resource An advertising campaign for the Great Western Railway showcasing the "Cornish Riviera" from circa 1925. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Great Western Railway Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20170405185524/http://www.ingenious.org.uk/See/?s=S2&amp;target=ctx&amp;DCID=10306948">The National Archives</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Advertisement Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The National Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6 December 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rebecca Miller & Tori O'Dea Subject The topic of the resource Railways Railways https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/e788ab4ed6d6110161779e7fae0fb96a.jpg 1b5e3742f767693b6afc3ed4c350848c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix C: Economic Context Description An account of the resource Information on the economic context for To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rebecca Miller and Victoria O'Dea Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Book Jacket Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown" Description An account of the resource The original cover of "Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown," which was designed by Vanessa Bell. Originally published by the Hogarth Press in 1924. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vanessa Bell Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://mantex.co.uk/virginia-woolf-mr-bennett-and-mrs-brown/">Mantex Information Design</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Cover Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6 December 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rebecca Miller & Tori O'Dea Subject The topic of the resource Economics Book Cover Vanessa Bell https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/c38c83d12629e5c654b98970acc00546.jpg 4126de0c2663666d530f50109821bfd7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix C: Economic Context Description An account of the resource Information on the economic context for To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rebecca Miller and Victoria O'Dea Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Newspaper Article Text Any textual data included in the document Servants are not to be lightly treated. They constitule an important element in the life of the nation. They have a question all to themselves. Their grievances are manifold, far in excess of those possessed by their employers; and they seem determined to make the supply less than the demand, whereby those who stand and wait improve the manners and morals of their patrons, and at the same time better their own position in etv. "They've take very little care and give but trifling attention to the master of the house. The butler considers himself the real master of the house. Mrs. Dumply, the housekeeper, claims the mistress herself as her victim, and is alwavs pleased to give the master the comfort of a smile when she passes him. It is the same in smaller houses, where butlers and housekeepers are not a necessity. A cook and two housemaids are quite sufficient to break the heart and nerves of the hardest-hearted mistress. They need only say what they think. Dr. Johnson, that tyrant of the intellectual world of his day, was prepared to admit that each of us has a perfect right to his own thoughts, though not always to the expression of them. Has the union been formed to confute Dr. Johnson ? The Poet, or the master of the house, in the touching episode I am about to relate, lived in a cottage in the country, with his newly wedded wife, and they could afford only one servant. As the Poet was a greal admirer of Dr. Johnson, he said it all depends on the strength of character of the master of the house whether a servant shall be allowed to express her thoughts or not. We shall see. Maria Jane must have been much nearer forty than thirty when her cab brought her to the door where the Poet lived. Her last mistress had said that she was an excellent cook, and altogether a most worthy person. Maria herself had explained that she longed for a small and quiet household where she might settle down, presumably for the rest of her life. Besides, she wanted to be alone in the kitchen. Fellow-servants annoyed her. They had generally such bad tongues, and made themselves so disagreeable. Maria Jane arrived wreathed in smiles, with cheeks like crab-apples; hair somewhat scanty ; clean; apparently not given to talk. With a promptitude which bespoke an energetic and determined character, she at once addressed herself to the preparation of a more than usually piquant lunch. Stewed mushrooms on toast, she said, was a specialty of hers, which had been greatly appreciated in every house where she had served. Indeed, after once tasting her stewed mushrooms on toast (this with a simper) she could hardly get them to allow her to cook anything else. She would follow that up, she thought, with veal cutlets, done a la Maria, another specialty. When the Poet was told what a jewel they had discovered in Maria, he smiled indulgently, knowing how in the feminine breast, as regards servants, hope springs eternal. Never will the Poet forget that lunch, or the expression on the face of the lady who sat opposite to,him. It was indescribable. The toast seemed to have soaked for a week in ketchup that had lost long since the freshness of its youth. After which it must have been treated liberally to butter, and then covered with small buttons of leather. Not to discourage Maria, they threw the greater part of it into the fire, and left what remained for her own consumption. Veal cutlets have nothing intrinsically bad about them. Cooked in an ordinarily healthy manner, they are quite eatable. But let no one ever attempt to eat veal cutlets a la Maria. Everything in that woman's hands, turned to leather, which in this instance she hid in bread crumbs and eggs about an inch thick. The Poet thought it was the shortest lunch to which he had ever sat down. Maria was eager to know if she had given satisfaction, and when, in somewhat halting accents, she was told that the veal was a trifle tough, a scowl came over her features that gave the Poet a distinct misgiving. By some happy accident, they were dining out that night, and Maria ceased to interest them. But when morning came, so did Maria. The Poet happened to be in his dressing-room, in the delicate act of shaving, when the voice of Maria arrested him. "If anyone," said Maria, in a very loud voice, "has anything to say against my cooking, let him come out like a man and say it to my face." " But, Maria," he heard a gentle voice reply, "no one has said a word against your cooking behind your back." That was quite true; looks were sufficient. "If," said Maria, "anyone has a word to say against my cooking, don't let him think I take his word for it. Bring a jury of experts, people which know good cooking from bad, and by them I will be judged. But not by him!" After this vigorous protest, Maria retired to the kitchen. She had her revenge in the bacon and eggs. The bacon was fully a quarter of an inch thick, and the eggs had all got together and looked like a hard and baked omelette. Let us pass over quickly a day of discomfort and come to the second morning of Maria's stay. When she brought in the matutinal cup of tea, she stood over the Poet and shook with white rage. "Don't give me any more of your insolence," she said, "or I'll call a constable! I was married to a soldier which is dead, and I know what justice is. You can't take a person's character away and not pay for it. You may find some which will put up with your insolence, but not me. My sister Elizabeth and myself are quite able to look after ourselves, and we won't be put upon by such as you." She flounced out of the room, and closed the door behind her with a crash. They heard her muttering to herself as she moved up and down the corridor. Finally she got a broom, and while pretending to sweep, knocked it viciously against the door. After a lull, she again knocked, and entered with some letters on a tray. "Maria," said the Poet calmly, and hoping to soothe her, " what is the matter ? " " Don't speak to me, you insulting villain!" she said; "I am neither a Jew nor a German. There is a fountain of justice in this country, and there I will go, but nowhere else. We are not in Germany. Don't lay your hand on me My husband was in the Army, and though he's dead I know what Justice is." " Maria," said the Poet, " leave the house at once and take a week's salary." " I will leave the house," she said; " but only with a month's salary in my pocket. There is a fountain of justice in this country, and I am neither a Jew nor a Gentile." " Maria," said the Poet, "You are either drunk or mad. Go! ' "I,am willing to stay and work out my month," said Maria. " Heaven forbid! " said the Poet. So she got her month's wage for two days' work. If she follows up this plan of campaign she will soon be rich, and ought to be given a high place in the new Union of Domestic Servants. Her experiences will be invaluable from a fighting point of view, and she may yet lead the new Amazons to battle. Certainly if they all possess the tenacity of purpose, proud self-confidence, and high moral principle of Maria Jane, it will soon no longer be possible for any man to boast of himself as master of the house. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Domestic Tyrants" Description An account of the resource A newspaper article parodying the relationship between domestic workers and their employers, discusses how servants were demanding higher pay for their work. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The London Illustrated News Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/HN3100199703/ILN?u=loyolau&sid=bookmark-ILN&xid=40d8e879 Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Gale Primary Sources Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6 December 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rebecca Miller & Tori O'Dea Subject The topic of the resource Domestic Servants https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/f102afce5c377a63d45388cf1780fe8a.jpg bfb635f69f04d25a71822cb26e472449 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix C: Economic Context Description An account of the resource Information on the economic context for To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rebecca Miller and Victoria O'Dea Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Newspaper Advertisement Text Any textual data included in the document BOOTH'S VACUUM CLEANING The ONLY System of its kind in the Whole World. And in all the leading Countries of the World Companies are working under these Patents. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vacuum Advertisement Description An account of the resource A newspaper ad talking about the new technology for housekeeping, the vacuum. An example of the home appliances becoming available in the twentieth century. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The London Illustrated News Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/HN3100187212/ILN?u=loyolau&sid=bookmark-ILN&xid=3679acbe Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Advertisement Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Gale Primary Sources Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6 December 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rebecca Miller & Tori O'Dea Subject The topic of the resource Domestic Servants