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              <text>A.L. Collins&#13;
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              <text>72&#13;
SMALL TORTOLSE-SHELL.&#13;
PLATE XXX.&#13;
Vanessa urticae,&#13;
"    "&#13;
Papilio urticae,&#13;
"    "&#13;
Fabricius. Ochsenheimer. Stephens..&#13;
Duncan. Westwood.&#13;
Linnaeus. Lewin. Donovan.&#13;
Albin. Wilkes.&#13;
This is one of our most common species, and therefore but&#13;
little thought of in comparison with others of greater rarity.&#13;
It is, however, a handsome insect, and in its general markings&#13;
very much, resembles the Large Tortoise-shell, though the differ-&#13;
ence of colour instantaneously distinguishes the two.&#13;
The perfect insect, there being two broods, appears in the&#13;
beginning of July, and the latter end of August or September,&#13;
The second brood often survives the rigours of even our northern&#13;
winter, and is seen again the following spring, flitting gaily&#13;
among the early flowers of the garden, or along the grassy&#13;
"Banks and Braes;" and anon borne away by some fitful breeze&#13;
of the uncertain season.&#13;
The caterpillar is to be found in the beginning of June,&#13;
and again in the middle of August. It is gregarious in its&#13;
habits, principally in the earlier stages of its growth.&#13;
It feeds on the nettle.&#13;
This butterfly varies in the expanse of its wings from an&#13;
inch and three quarters to two inches and a quarter; the&#13;
fore wings are of a rich red orange colour, but the base is&#13;
dark. There are three large black patches on their front edge,&#13;
and between these the ground colour is much paler than on&#13;
the general surface, being light yellowish orange; beyond the&#13;
outermost one is a white triangular-shaped mark. Near the&#13;
base of the middle part is a large irregular spot, and above&#13;
SMALL TORTOISE-SHELL. 73&#13;
this in the direction of the outer corner, two smaller ones;&#13;
the outer edge is dark buff, followed immediately by a black&#13;
indented stripe, in which are a series of small dark blue&#13;
crescents.&#13;
The hind wings are also rich orange red, but all the base&#13;
is dark coloured, and they are bordered with dark buff, fol-&#13;
lowed by an indented black band, in which is a row of dark&#13;
blue crescents of larger size than those in the fore wings, leaving&#13;
the orange as a bar across. Underneath, the markings are the&#13;
same, but the orange is changed to stone-colour; the margins&#13;
are the same, but darker, and separated from the rest by an&#13;
indented line of metallic blackish green.&#13;
The lower wings have the bar replaced by a darker stone-&#13;
colour; the margins separated by a row of crescent-shaped&#13;
dark blackish green spots.&#13;
The caterpillar is of a dull colour — a mixture of green and&#13;
brown, with paler lines down the back and sides, and beset&#13;
with black spines: the head is black.&#13;
The chrysalis is brownish, with golden spots on the fore&#13;
part, and sometimes nearly entirely golden.&#13;
In varieties of this species the black spots have been more&#13;
or less enlarged or diminished, so as in some cases to be&#13;
confluent, and in others obsolete. In one figured by the Rev.&#13;
W. T. Bree, of Allesley, in the "Magazine of Natural History,"&#13;
the second and third black bars on the front edge are united,&#13;
and the two round spots on the same wings are absent, the&#13;
hind wings being uniformly obscure. A very singular 'Lusus&#13;
naturae,' preserved in the cabinet of Mr. Stephens, has occurred&#13;
in the Small Tortoise-shell, Mr. Doubleday having taken one&#13;
near Epping, with five wings, the fifth, of small size, being&#13;
affixed to one of the hinder ones, whose markings it repeated.&#13;
A hymenopterous insect with seven legs, four on one side and&#13;
three on the other, and still preserved in the cabinet of J. C.&#13;
Dale, Esq., was captured several years ago by my brother&#13;
Frederick Philipse Morris, Esq., in a wood near Axminster,&#13;
Devonshire.&#13;
The engravings are from specimens in my own collection.</text>
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                <text>Holding Institution: Smithsonian Libraries. Digital copy accessed through Biodiversity Heritage Library.</text>
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