5 10 86 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/fc68584dd69cc28e25723cde1c22a595.jpg 0ce8764b6f5e43062eec7a16f1358ab4 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/41f89b1f5801bde0fd3f8a66ce827d07.jpg aa295064b699b7d6dc13b7d16c013296 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/deaff3c8791956d2953907263e89b8eb.jpg 36376bd8ab872cdadbb03e4e9d12cf1d https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/8e335b425fe6c12fdfa8025283230085.jpg e0859e072aa516af51f01dbfd54863a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix D: Political Context Description An account of the resource Information on the political context of To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jonathan Chang and Theo Gray Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document BRITAIN THE ENEM1Y,OF PEACE.,GERMAN CHANCELLORWS,CONFIDENCES.,TALK FOR AMERICA.,(FROMr OUm 'CORRESPOXDENT.),NEW YORK, JAs. 31.,Herr von Bet.hmann Holiweg, the Gerr;an Imperial Uhancellor, recently called into conference leaders of the various party groups il,the Reichstag. He sketched for thieir edification a "frank outline of the situation " as it appeared to him and presumably to the Gernian military aulthorities. His observations are now reproduced for the benefit of American readers by the managing editor of the Dculschcs Journal, a gentleman of the name of Gustav Schweppendick, who Ias been acting as the Berlin correspondent of the New Yorkc American. The Deusches Journal is a daily newspaper published in Newr York by 3Mr. Hearst.,Mr. Schweppendick states that the viewvs of the Chancellor were comraunicated to him by one of t.he party leaders present at the conference. The Chancellor (levoted the burden of his remarks to Britain.,Great Britain (be said) is the obstacle to peace. She hopes to starve Germany into submission. WVe wiU meet her on the economic battlefield.,THE ROAD TO THE ORIENT.,Tho Chancellor is reported to have proceeded as folloNvs:_,There have bein no official peacc overtures nor negotiations so far. There, lbowever, have been unotih:utl converszitions bv persons wvithout official standing. The conferees wnere as a rule financiers of high international position. Convernations took place ini Switzerland and Sweden pirincipally,. it. was the gencral impression of the participants that all the warring nations would be willing to ent-er into peace ne,,otiations except ErThland. hngla&ul is compelling lier Allies to retrain fi om entering luponI any peace movement. lTaving failed to eriush Germany by armed force, she hopes to succeed in th ceconomic war. For this reason the war will probably- last for soma timc. I am telling you this, since wv inay as wel& be prepared for it. iNe must safeguard our food and other supplies ere must be independent of all oversea trade controlled by Great Britain .,Fortunately the road has been opened to the Orient by our victorious amny. This will malec the economic ivar much ejsier. 'Ulie militarv situation could not be better. While wev haven't ;rnv too much food. we,siave enough. The only thing wo ueed is rubber,and we shall not givc up foi tlie laek' of a few rubber bands. It is my iinression that there will not be any extensive ic)ll operations for 1;he present. Even if we occupie(n more of thc evnemy's territory it woould not alf r the' situation so far as Engiandl is concerned. WVe miav straighten out our lines, take a port in Russia. an( itnprove our position in the West, but generally speaking no inore great held battles arc probable.,A VITAL BLOW AT ENGLAN;D. Here the Clhancellor paused and added," Unless a caimipaign be embarled upon that will strike a vItal blow at Englanid.",31r Scliweppendick shio'ws that. Nvhatever the object of his disalosurmp,which are doubtlessintended to assist the C'ernan plan of representing Great Britain as the enemy of peace, the Emperor's inilita.ry adx.isers fully appreciate that British sea power is destined to be the determining factor of the ivr Hie quotes a "High MIilitary Official " as sayin- to him:-,Germany coild take Paris. It vwould only be a question of hoiii mnany nien ive are wvilling to saerificc. But tbat would not bring England to terms, and therefore would not end the war. We eould take Petrograd. But. suppose we drove the Tsar out of his capital-Britain would not care. We could drive the Italian Atrmy into the sea-it would make no difierence to England. The nmore territory wve oceupy the thinner our lines; the greater onr diffleulty in supplying themn. Going ahead on such lines wvould help England more than us.,MIr. Schweppendick, who returned to New York a fewv days ago, declares that the foregoing statements of tho Chancellor and the high military ofiicial accurately reflect German sentiment. HIe proceeds,The people want pe.ace. I do not mean they'are willing to surrender. Far from that. But the'y are in a reasonable spirit.,The Germans seem to believe that a disposition to approach the qnestion from a fair-minded standpoint is the great thing. There is an undercurrent not .o demand any large cessions of territory. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Newspaper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Britain the Enemy of Peace Description An account of the resource A newspaper article published by The Times Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Times Newspapers Limited: (from Our Correspondent) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Gale Primary Sources: The Times Digital Archive https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS118294081/TTDA?u=loyolau&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=30ea971b Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Gale Primary Sources Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Feb. 1, 1916 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Theo Gray Subject The topic of the resource German commentary on the continuation of the First World War https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/ee8b0c70cf91c86077cfb8220ad385e0.jpg 8a537fe9fe22ff31e9ff0ccd3ac20e15 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/8eb5fe313d8904f40d4c50bbec13bd23.jpg 98b6c3acf2dc3e5edf4d0fd56f23ed92 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/19e4f3baa95bdc7801085089120c5e52.jpg 0108ef8c907b0e001ef78c7e204f7e3e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix D: Political Context Description An account of the resource Information on the political context of To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jonathan Chang and Theo Gray Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Another War Cloud. F,While Europe and America are intent upon the developments of the conflict on whose issue hangs the future of their civilization, another war cloud has been slowly gathering in the Far Elast. It has not yet burst, and we trust that while there is still time China and Japan may spare mrankiind the added miseries which this fresh visitation would bring upon them. This hope is not encouraged by the latest messages from Tokyo and Peking. At the final conference between the Elder Statesmen and the Cabinet yesterday, the E.NPEitoit of JAPAN sanctioned an ultimatum to China. Neverthe!e s, there seems to linger a feeling in both capitals that matters may not go to extremities. This expect:ation, it wvill be scen, is no longer entirely ehared in Washin3ton, where the situation is being closely watched. The history of the controversy has been already told in our columns. Japan originally presented to China some twenty-one demands. By some curious inadvertence, she mentioned only a portion of them in the communications whlichl she addressed to England, France, ilussn, and the United States. China hastened to-supply the omissions. doubtless. in the hope of exciting suspicion against Japan. The discrepancy between the two accounts clearly called for explanation, and "conversations" followed between Japan and the Powers named. Meanwhile, Dn. Hio}i, the Japanese Minister at Peking, carried on protracted negotiations with the Chinese authorities. I-His task was exceptionally delicate, and perhaps it might have prospered better in mnore tactful and more patient hands. Eventually Japan modified several of her demands, and on April 26 she presented to China a new set of proposals, which she declared to be the minimum she would accept. Instead of assenting to them, China put forward counter-proposals, which Japan considers inadmissible. They included, amongst other things, demands for the complete restoration of hiaochau, and fcr undertakings that China should be represented in the peace negotiations between Germany and Japan. Japan not unnaturally regarded them as equivalent to a rejection of her minimum proposals.,Japan's victorious expulsion of the Germans from Chinese soil and from the Far East gave her opportunities which it was manifest that she would use. She was not unlikely to forgo this occasion of regaining control of the Shantung Peninsula, of obtaining an extension of her tenure at Port Arthur, of clearing up her many outstanding differences with her neiglhbour, and of impressing upon China, once for all, that she is a Great Power who is entitled to the same treatment and the same consideration as other Great Powers. This last is a matter on which Japanese feeling is particularly sensitive, and in the past China has sometimes shown a foolish and arrogant disregard of her sensibilities. Japan is conscious of the debt wvhich she has owed to Chinese culture, but she resents the supercilious indifference of China to her new claims as a progressive and modern State. She seized the seasonable moment and put forward her claims. To some of them no reasonable objection could be made by the other Powers interested in the Far East. Some of them, however, seemed to require elucidation. This was particularly the case in regard to the provision which forbade China to alienate her coasts or ports, and in regard to provisions which miglht appear to affect certain subsisting British interests in the Yangtsze Valley and in South-East China.Even the absorp. tion of the Powers in the European struggle did not wholly divert their attention from matters so nearly concerning them in the greatest futuro market of the wvorld. An exchange of views took place, it is understood, between Washington and Tokyo on the first point, with results which were believed to bo satisfactory. In regard to the second, it wras hardly necessary for us to remind our Allies that we expected bur rights and interests to bo fully respected. All matters affecting these arc, or will be, the subject of negotiations.,Whatever may have been Japan's original demands, sho has shown a ce,rtain readiness to modify tlheni in the later course of tho negotiations. AIore mature consideration, and possibly the accession of strengthi which the recent elections have brought to the OkuAa Cabinet, would seem to havoQ led to,this result. A- strong Governient can often afford a degreo of moderation in foreign questionis from which a Ministry shrinks vhlicll is appLraling for popular support. WVe believe that Japan wvould be hard!y less ill-advised than China were she to permit matters, even nowv, to proceed to eNtremities. The denial by the State Department at W'ashillgton ithat anything has been initiated towards actual mcdiation lhas a significance in the present stato of American feeling wlhieh can scarecly be missed in Tokyo. The high reputation for sagacity and for moderation which Japanese statesmen have acquired all over tlhe world has gre,atly contributed to the prestige and the influenec of their country. It wvould undoubtedly bo impaired wero she to be short-sighted enough niow to take a course which would be likely to arouse thle jealousy and the hostility of other Great Powers and nations after the European WI'ar. Tho war will not last for ever, and in the period of great commercial activity which may be expected to follow it in the Far East. as in some other parts of the world, the good will and the confidence of others w%ill be of importanco to her. Nothing could prejudice them more than a suspicion that while most of them wero involved in a life-anddeath struggle in Europe she had seized the occasion to press her private interests to their hurt. WVe hope that the statesmen of our Allies wvill be careful to avoid giving any reasonablo ground for a suspicion so injurious to the fame and to the future prospects of their country. We expect that even now, at the eleventh hour, they will exert their high abilities to avert a catastrophe, and to justify once again British confidenico in Japan and British sympathy vwith all legitimate development and expansion of her interests in the Fiar East. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Newspaper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Another War Cloud. Description An account of the resource A newspaper article published by The Times Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Times Newspapers Limited Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Gale Primary Sources: The Times Digital Archive https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS151323815/TTDA?u=loyolau&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=99c272d8 Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Gale Primary Sources Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 7, 1915 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Theo Gray Subject The topic of the resource A potential war that is on the edge of starting between China and Japan. https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/c7fcbd7736b2b13f0b13812b4b1daa6d.jpg a972a15bda113b3c93a317139b1cdf7d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix B: Environmental Context Description An account of the resource Information on environmental issues in To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sami Anders and Olivia Turner Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Painting, , Oil on canvas Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image H 80.9 x W 54 cm Text Any textual data included in the document V. Bell, 1921 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Red-Hot Pokers Description An account of the resource Still life of a vase of flowers, including red-hot pokers. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vanessa Bell (1879–1961) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Manchester Art Gallery, https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/red-hot-pokers-204438 Type The nature or genre of the resource Painting Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Vanessa Bell Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1921 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sami Anders and Olivia Turner Subject The topic of the resource Environmental Appendix, Aesthetic Appendix Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright held by the estate of Vanessa Bell, all rights reserved. Digitized by the Manchester Art Gallery. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG digital photo of painting Vanessa Bell https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/8e7092a51527ded1a52e59843f58c6d9.jpg 6a6d54d4f1b1cf85721494d551e7787c https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/c1d881dc9c1bc5eba09990dc9f15d14d.jpg 78130b54da1606fb8d76a106c9641e2b https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/ca60967422cf0de64dbcc22a27f50617.jpg ef49ebb40288a0758b6a36be95ce469d https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/34c631d769345ea224b229747542a7fe.jpg f10341fccce852a4adafd215435166a3 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/3d8595ad6a4fec8eab1f7cb014ac07d4.jpg 6fddfe00a0e15011271fdd7a1dd80e26 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/a403d44410893b7fe8c6ec0469dd0340.jpg 9de7c687f129320b521a2d30d432d1bb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix B: Environmental Context Description An account of the resource Information on environmental issues in To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sami Anders and Olivia Turner Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 26 CORNWALL dulated through enormous lateral pressure. The granite, the lowest and most ancient formation of all, was itself consolidated under vast pressure from above, and was not in a molten condition when forced to the surface. Had it been so, it would have resolved itself into lava. It was cold when upheaved, tearing apart the superincumbent stratified sedimentary rocks, which disappeared from the summits, and on all sides about these upheavals were twisted, contorted, thrown back, and fissured. Atmospheric effect and natural gravitation is con- stantly carrying the soil from the upper land, from the hills into the bottoms, and consequently it is in the latter that we find the richest land, best calculated to repay the toil of the agriculturist. On the high moors there is little depth of so called “meat earth,” below which is clay and grit, hard and unprofitable, commonly called the “calm ” or the “deads.” But adjoining the granite is the wash from it of its dissolved felspar, the china-clay that furnishes the inhabitants of the St Austell district with a remunerative and ever-growing industry, of which more presently. 7. Natural History, Various facts, which can only shortly be mentioned here, go to show that the British Isles have not existed as such, and separated from the Continent, for any great length of geological time. Around our coasts, for instance, and specially in Cornwall, are in several places remains of forests now sunk beneath the sea, and only to be seen at NATURAL HISTORY 27 extreme low water. Between England and the Continent the sea is very shallow, and St Paul's Cathedral might be placed anywhere in the North Sea without submerging its summit, but a little west of Ireland we soon come to very deep soundings. Great Britain and Ireland were thus once part of the Continent and are examples of what geologists call recent continental islands. But we also have no less certain proof that at some anterior period they were almost entirely submerged. The fauna and fora thus being destroyed, the land would have to be re- stocked with animals and plants from the Continent when union again took place, the influx of course coming from the east and south. As, however, it was not long before separation occurred, not all the continental species could establish themselves. We should thus expect to find that the parts in the neighbourhood of the Continent were richer in species and those furthest off poorer, and this proves to be the case both in plants and animals. While Britain has fewer species than France or Belgium, Ireland has still less than Britain. Small though England may be, she can nevertheless show most striking differences of fauna and fora in different districts. On the moors of the north, for example, the heaths and berries underfoot, and the larger birds of prey and grouse which now and again meet our view offer a marked contrast to—let us say—the furze- clad chalk downs of Sussex, where the wheatear and whinchat and the copper butterflies and “ blues” are familiar objects. These differences depend upon a number of conditions, often mutually interdependent—upon varia- 28 CORNWALL tions of soil, rainfall, temperature, and so forth. Cornwall presents unusual peculiarities in many ways, and we may now consider how far these have affected the creatures and plants within her borders. Firstly, Cornwall is remotely situated—one of the extreme points of Western Europe—and, whether the fact be dependent on food conditions or not, we find that there are several species of bird, common in other parts of England, which do not occur within the county, such as the nightingale, the wood warbler, garden warbler, . redstart, and others. It would almost seem as if some of these species had not found their way thither since the re-peopling of the land by its present fauna, but were in gradual process of doing so, for there is no doubt that many birds rare or unknown in the Duchy half a century ago are now not uncommon, and appear to be steadily moving westward. That the starling is doing so is perhaps not remarkable, for this bird has enormously increased in numbers of late years and has spread every- where, even up into northern Scotland, but it is curious that birds like the stock-dove and all the woodpeckers and other non-gregarious sorts should show this tendency. Next, Cornwall is from its position constantly exposed to high winds, and to heavy gales in winter, combined with an unusually heavy rainfall and an "insular” climate tending to warmth and equableness. These factors, added to the granitic formation of much of its area, have made it a country of bleak moorland varied with thickly-wooded deep valleys—dampness being the leading characteristic of both. With such physical conditions, then, we should NATURAL HISTORY 29 expect to find the Duchy not very varied in its native trees, perhaps, but particularly abundant in ferns, and this is the case, for 39 species are recorded, while lichens are not less rich. It bears in many ways a resemblance to the climate of Portugal, for here the camellia flourishes and displays its beautiful flowers to perfection, and the tea In a Cornish Garden plant does so well that there seems no reason why it should not be grown for profit. It is not a land of warblers, nor can it show the rich and varied wildfowl fauna of the Fenlands, but there is no county in England where, in the marshy glens, woodcocks are more abundant. The moorlands, too, abound in snipe, and at one time blackgame were common, but the larger birds of prey [This page contains an image] 28 CORNWALL tions of soil, rainfall, temperature, and so forth. Cornwall presents unusual peculiarities in many ways, and we may now consider how far these have affected the creatures and plants within her borders. Firstly, Cornwall is remotely situated—one of the extreme points of Western Europe—and, whether the fact be dependent on food conditions or not, we find that there are several species of bird, common in other parts of England, which do not occur within the county, such as the nightingale, the wood warbler, garden warbler, . redstart, and others. It would almost seem as if some of these species had not found their way thither since the re-peopling of the land by its present fauna, but were in gradual process of doing so, for there is no doubt that many birds rare or unknown in the Duchy half a century ago are now not uncommon, and appear to be steadily moving westward. That the starling is doing so is perhaps not remarkable, for this bird has enormously increased in numbers of late years and has spread every- where, even up into northern Scotland, but it is curious that birds like the stock-dove and all the woodpeckers and other non-gregarious sorts should show this tendency. Next, Cornwall is from its position constantly exposed to high winds, and to heavy gales in winter, combined with an unusually heavy rainfall and an "insular” climate tending to warmth and equableness. These factors, added to the granitic formation of much of its area, have made it a country of bleak moorland varied with thickly-wooded deep valleys—dampness being the leading characteristic of both. With such physical conditions, then, we should NATURAL HISTORY 29 expect to find the Duchy not very varied in its native trees, perhaps, but particularly abundant in ferns, and this is the case, for 39 species are recorded, while lichens are not less rich. It bears in many ways a resemblance to the climate of Portugal, for here the camellia flourishes and displays its beautiful flowers to perfection, and the tea In a Cornish Garden plant does so well that there seems no reason why it should not be grown for profit. It is not a land of warblers, nor can it show the rich and varied wildfowl fauna of the Fenlands, but there is no county in England where, in the marshy glens, woodcocks are more abundant. The moorlands, too, abound in snipe, and at one time blackgame were common, but the larger birds of prey [This page contains an image] 30 CORNWALL have for the most part vanished, though an occasional buzzard may be seen and the raven is not yet extinct. Lastly, it is to be noted that Cornwall is the nearest part of England to America. However difficult it may be of explanation, the fact remains that the Duchy is very rich in rare birds; so rich, indeed, that their recorded occurrence cannot by any possibility be merely accidental. Thus, no less than 24 species have occurred in Cornwall which have never been found in Devonshire. But more than this, a very large number of these—18 or more- are purely American species. The question is, whence do they come ? Professor James Clark, who has discussed the point at some length in the Victoria County History, is, apparently, loth to believe that they can come directly across the Atlantic, and it is by many thought that they are driven back by heavy south-westerly weather when dropping down the English Channel, having come by a circuitous route from Northern Europe. But against this is the undeniable fact that it is in the immediate neigh- bourhood of the Land's End that the chief rarities and stragglers are obtained, while many species have been shot in the Scilly Islands which have never been recorded from Cornwall itself. So far as its botany is concerned, Cornwall does not differ very markedly from Devonshire, but it has a large number of rare or peculiar plants. The highlands and north coast are rather poor in species; it is on the banks and estuaries of the streams that the richest flora is seen. A number of foreign plants are found, mostly in the neighbourhood of Falmouth and other ports. The balsam, NATURAL HISTORY Impatiens Roylei, from India, grows extremely abundantly between Liskeard and Looe, and near Tintagel, and a species of May-weed (Matricaria discoidea) has become a troublesome pest near Falmouth. Loe Pool in the Lizard district is noticeable for the number of rare and local plants it possesses. The Scilly Islands own certain plants peculiar to them; thus, Trifolium repens, var. Townsendi, and Ornithopus ebracteatus are said not to be found elsewhere in England, and Carex ligerica only in Norfolk. The chief feature of the mammals of the county is that the grey seal, Halichaerus gryphus, is quite numerous in the Scilly Islands; that the polecat, though nearly extinct, it still found ; and that both badgers and otters are very abundant. It is a curious fact that certain freshwater fish common in other parts of England, such as pike, roach, chub, and bream, are unknown. The bird which bears the distinctive appellation, the Cornish chough it is not confined to the county, but is also found in Wales), is now not nearly as common as formerly, but like the raven it still breeds on some parts of the coast. 8. Around the Coast. From Morwen- stow to Land's End. This noble coast—so terrible to sailors—begins with the fine Henna Cliff at Morwenstow. Morwenstow Church contains an early font and has fine Norman arches. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Original Book 1920 pages. Pages 26-31 included here. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cambridge County Geographies: Cornwall, Chapter 7: Natural History Description An account of the resource Overview of the history of Cornwall. Chapter 7 briefly covers geological, zoological, and botanical history. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource S. Baring-Gould (1834-1924) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived HathiTrust EBook, print book owned by University of Michigan, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015023261194 Type The nature or genre of the resource Resource Book Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1910 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sami Anders and Olivia Turner Subject The topic of the resource Environmental Appendix Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain in the United States, Google digitized. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG scans of print book, original ix, 164 p. incl. illus., map, diagrs. 19 cm. Language A language of the resource English Cornwall https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/5ac62d8dfa9cc51b027f22692c13b96f.jpg f75ce8ebb7edb77de25a600edfd520ce https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/3c38d14ce5c000c25e47aeb2b921bc07.jpg b7c9b5b57533f8d81eba0fe12b6816a9 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/9ed2540982980d8190d58f2dd79093a6.jpg 739b6a0074dc7a70fede48a812f9715c https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/f1938f410974a880da12c2779461028e.jpg 5d3170c2d6889ba2b1e846db2f1e6e77 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/0d253d17c5c5509f62da322943365870.jpg 8916e6edc4e419a365e4475813930dda https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/e1827c549e449e069318deb3cb3734b4.jpg 4e6b214ce8ee9d7eca681793e16c48f2 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/2d1b726fb94533398cab9ea6bf40a45b.jpg 73ff77e81e324b31b183c790b1bfbd6a https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/6b9badc0b1b57c8c87d25569f1d2fb26.jpg 2a205345180bc22beca3141331125f76 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/3fbba16a754363ac65739c7d6357eccd.jpg 950bf77040d0c49cf443d05de3fcf754 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/770ec05014285b8f7fc7f5f50071c8ca.jpg 345a5d68282f6cab5549f0fb01a9f93a https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/94b1fd3f32e3f102cf2f20c2b3115d86.jpg 5bba77b980eaa40e5cb78b72378fbb74 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix B: Environmental Context Description An account of the resource Information on environmental issues in To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sami Anders and Olivia Turner Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document THE MISTY ISLE OF SKYE CHAPTER I CHARACTERISTICS “Skye's romantic shore.”—Scott. THERE are travelled persons, deeply read in 1 Baedeker and Murray, who merely ignore the Isle of Skye. To others, untravelled, it is only a name; while to both it is dimly suggestive of some- thing remote and savage and windy, a weary land where the comforts of civilisation are not to be had for love or money. Yearly, a few adventurous tourists come as birds of passage, or, if they are sportsmen, armed with rod and gun, stay for a longer period. Their impressions are various, de- pending on the personal equation, still more upon the weather. If it rains, they are ready to curse God and die. If the sun shines and the air is still and the sky blue, they affect to believe themselves the victims of an illusion, and can scarce credit that anything so fine should dare to exist so far away. But let them be as open-minded as they please, or as favourably dealt with as can be, they do not enjoy to the full the flavour of the Isle of Skye. The tourist is too much engaged scampering from hotel to hotel, the sportsman too much preoccupied with birds and dogs, to understand the rare charm, or to 10 The Misty Isle of Skye discover even a tenth part of the beauty of Skye. For that, you must live there, year in, year out, summer and winter, in sunshine and storm; you must experience the marvellous charm of its spring and early summer days, when the air is like a fine wine and the landscape seems unreal because it is so beautiful ; you must let the gloom of its winter melancholy pierce your soul to its depths, until some morning you awaken to an enchanted day and the melancholy is routed, and you wonder that it ever could have been. And if you are not a native of Skye, but have come from the settled and common- place landscapes and surroundings of the south, all the more will the magic of the place charm and please you. On the other hand, it is possible that you will merely detest and hate the place, and wish yourself well out of it. You will be hard to please, and not open to magic influences. But you will either hate it or love it, for no via media has yet been discovered. The fact that Skye is an island, without railways and with (until lately) only indifferent roads, that it is so far removed from the busy centres of civilisation, and that its population is so scattered, has a curious effect. Living in a crowded district, one's interests are local, and one hardly knows what is happening even a few miles off. But here distance is nothing when you may have to go ten miles to visit a neighbour. Everyone is known to you, whether they live east or west, north or south ; and every- thing that goes on becomes almost a personal interest to you. In olden days, when the people of all the larger houses were nearly all related, this was even more striking, and news travelled apace from one corner to another, even when there was no telegraph to carry it. This is all the more surprising when it is considered that the island is fifty miles long and from seven to twenty-five broad, and that every part of it is isolated from another by hills and valleys, streams and winding sea-lochs. For this Characteristics Il last reason the length of coast-line is out of all proportion to the area, and measures thousands of miles. The area of the island is, roughly, 350,000 acres. On the map the Isle of Skye, with its numerous peninsulas (like flying buttresses) starting outwards from a common centre, is suggestive of some strange wild-fowl. Hence travellers from the sixteenth century onwards have derived its native name Eilean Sgiathanach from the Gaelic sgiath, a wing, transformed in the Norse sagas into Skid. 1 Whether, without a map, the winged formation would be likely to strike the primitive inhabitant is uncertain. Other learned philologists debate the claims of roots signifying cloud, mist, and sword, or maintain that here stood the winged temple which fable apportioned to Apollo among the Hyper- boreans. But it is a far cry from Hellas to Skye, and only pedantic Celtic antiquaries (the most pedantic of all pedants) will trace the connection. To Oisin (or Macpherson) the island is always Eilean a Cheo, the Isle of Mist. These peninsulas are most pronounced to the north and the south, but on the eastern and western sides there is a series of curtailed promontories, divided by narrow lochs. They present a curious variety of surface and seaboard. On the north the peninsulas are formed of wild and tumbled uplands, rising into strangely contorted rocks at Storr and Quiraing, with precipitous cliffs on the eastern coast- line. In the west these uplands mount occasionally into considerable hills with heathery flanks and flattened summits. The southern region resumes the upland country, but is so much more fertile as to be called “the garden of Skye.” It is in the centre and running across the island from north-east to south-west that the great mountains are found, 1 Ptolemy transliterated the native name into Greek, Kütus; in ecclesiastical Latin (Adamnan's, for example) the island is called Scia. 12 The Misty Isle of Skye rounded and massy and huddled together to the north-east; steep, precipitous, and splintered towards the south-west, where the Coolins dominate the land- scape for many a mile. All these breezy uplands are covered with heather and bent, bracken and bog-myrtle, which, on warm summer days, make the air fragrant with odorous scents such as Keats would have loved. They are given over to sheep, save where in more or less fertile patches the crofting population seek their livelihood from the soil. But they are empty solitudes where one may wander for a whole day and receive no human greeting. As far as eye can reach there are lines of gently swelling hills; you mount one, and still they deploy to the horizon, or suddenly lose them- selves in a narrow loch or the wider sea. Yet in this apparent monotony there is an in- finite variety. The summer glory of these uplands under a sapphire sky, surrounded by azure seas; their autumn and winter melancholy; the splintered summits looming grimly in the distance; here and there steep, windy headlands; green valleys with burns tinkling down to the sea ; the glorious tang of the breeze; the ever-changing mystic lights and shadows-these, with the hoary traditions and tales of eld which are suggested by them at every step, are pleasures which do not easily pall. Thus the Isle of Skye offers such a bundle of delights as are not easily found in any place even less remote than it is from the busy centres of life and the madding crowd. To the exterior eye it presents so many natural features that the bare catalogue of them bewilders, how much more does the joyous experience of them fascinate. Great basalt cliffs hang their steep castellated fronts above a brilliant green slope, and face the sea. From their top you gaze down a thousand feet into a vast abysmal depth of blue water, or across its sundering tide to the dark summits of the northern counties. Far out to sea on the western side are Characteristics 13 purple islands gleaming on the horizon. Above you are the immeasurable spaces of the sky, across which a seabird now poises itself like some uncertain angel, and now darts off with an incredible swift- ness and dæmonic clamour. Here and there the sea sends long arms far inland, so that the unvoyaged islander (to whom Portree is a metropolis and Glasgow a merely mythical Babylon), confined to his moorland solitudes, can touch the pulse of the unseen and infinite ocean, on which stately ships are hurrying to far lands beyond the sunrise and the sunset, where are busy ports thronged with men and echoing with the hum of endless activity. To speak by the map and the geographer's compass, no part of the island, large as it is, lies four miles from the sea, so much is it broken up by these lochs winding in among the moors and the bases of the hills. This recurring presence of the sea has a strange fascina- tion for the mind. It presents itself in the most unexpected places. The solid masses of the Coolins, or the broad miles of rolling uplands, suggest a land free from these indentations and murmuring waters. But no; you have scarce proceeded half a league when you skirt the upper reaches of a sea-loch, and in the next mile or two you are walking by the edge of a second. Inland and around these lochs the billowy moor- land swells and falls, or mounts up into a con- siderable hill. From these hills the air comes pure from its high elevation and sweet with a hundred rustic odours of upland flowers. Its extent and its mysterious hollows, its black peat-hags, and its strange silence, suggest weird thoughts of ambushes, of hidden deeds, of brooding secrets, until you almost expect some voice, tired of its immemorial silence, to shout them aloud to all the winds. In summer and autumn the moor exhilarates with its omnipresent perfume wafted from bog-myrtle and bracken, while it seems to fling itself to the horizon in a purple garment dappled with emerald green. 14 The Misty Isle of Skye But in winter and early spring that green has become a wan white, and the purple has turned to a dingy brown, and the sombre landscape seems to speak of still deeper mysteries. Every varying expression of the face of the sky, its summer joy, its April doubt, its winter gloom, is reflected with conscientious exactness on this equally expressive moorland countenance. A great part of these uplands forms a rich and happy hunting-ground for the sportsman. Grouse, snipe, woodcock, and hares are found in plenty. Some of the loftier ground gives sanctuary to the red deer, with which the island must have teemed at one time, for in the sixteenth century organised hunts, in which a thousand head were killed, took place among the Red Hills. But the greater part of Skye is let out in sheep-farms, for, like the Homeric Ithaca, it is a pasture - land of sheep, and more pleasant in my sight than one that pastureth horses; for of all the isles that lie and lean upon the sea, none are fit for the driving of horses, or rich in meadow- land, and least of all is Ithaca. The pasture is scanty enough in winter, when the uplands are like a moist sponge with the rains; and the bulk of the hoggs have to be sent to the mainland in autumn, to return in spring, but, like the daffodil, “before the swallow does." Here, too, are none of the active, shaggy, goat-like sheep of Uist and St. Kilda; only the familiar black-face and Cheviot ; but the flavour of their flesh has gained something, and the fame of Skye mutton has passed into a proverb. The crofters, who covet earnestly the best land and would seize it, if they could, re- gardless of ownership, hate sheep-farms and sheep alike, and, in their native Gaelic, which I translate for the mere Sassenach, describe the animals as “ beastly brutes of poll-heads.” As for their language towards farmers and lairds, let the rest be silence! Large fortunes were once amassed 1 Odyssey, iv. 610, Lang's translation. Characteristics 15 by Skye farmers, and more than one small tenant- farmer, beginning in a humble way, has found himself in the glorious company of the nouveaux riches before he died. But the day for that is over, and much more modest returns must be looked for. Of the hills and mountains of Skye there will be much to say. It is enough here to recall their haunting presence, their magic lights, the solemn grandeur and beauty that is theirs at all times of the year. You look at them across the wide moors, and they touch the last cloud upon the level sky. Steeped in moonlight or clad in glittering snow under a cloudless sky, they seem ethereal, trans- parent. At dawn and sunset, every scaur and hollow, every corrie and precipice, has all the definite clearness of a fine steel engraving. Or when wreaths of mist roll along their flanks, or cloud-masses huddle together around them, they are still grand and impressive. Seeing them under these varied conditions, and with ever-changing nuances of light or colour, you would vow there are no such hills elsewhere. Those who have not so seen them will scoff-and no doubt the vow marks the insular mind; but what is their sneer against the opinion of an eye-witness? Again, there is infinite delight in the colours of the landscape. Mostly these are what the indif- ferent would call sad and monotonous. Yet can the keen eye discover something richer. Even in winter there is variety, and there is a gorgeousness about the moors and the hillsides, when late autumn turns the bracken to a rich brown, and the sun casts blue shadows everywhere, which is not to be gainsaid. Often, too, at high summer noontides there comes a blue Italian sky, which is at once discredited by those who do not know the island when they see it reproduced by the artist. Then the sea is turned to a deeper azure, flecked with whitest foam where it swings unceasingly against the cliffs. The seabird, poising itself overhead, 16 The Misty Isle of Skye has wings of transparent alabaster, through which the blue heaven seems almost visible. Ireland itself cannot have greener valleys than Skye; nor could the choicest English woodland or meadow boast a richer variety or a greater luxuriance of wildflowers. And if the air is still, and you have risen with the lark, and inhaled the rich odour of the moorland air, you will say that nature looks as fresh and as young as it first did on the seventh morning before Paradise had been lost. As day wears on, the blaze of sunshine touches everything with a dull burnish of gold. The island is indolent as ever was the land of the lotus-eaters, and there is no mountain nor crag but has lost its ruggedness and now seems voluptuous with gentle swellings and softened curves. Yet it would be futile to deny the desolation of Skye in some of its aspects. Let the clouds hang low down overhead and everywhere around on a short winter day, as if they would crush the land ; let the rain fall in blinding torrents for weeks, and the morning dawn cheerless over a dripping land. scape ; let the wind rave across the moorland with pitiless incessancy; and let there be the least melancholy in your heart, and then you will know something of the abomination of desolation. You will understand “that distress” (of which Mau- passant writes so grimly) “which sometimes seizes travellers on certain sad evenings, in certain desolate places. It seems that everything is near its ending -existence and the universe itself. You perceive sharply the dreadful misery of life, the isolation of everyone, the nothingness of all things, and the black loneliness of the heart which nurses itself and deceives itself with dreams until the hour of death." So it is, sometimes, in Skye; until there comes a day of sunshine, and all is forgotten, and the desolation passes away as if it had never been. Throughout the island are many houses, bare, unattractive, but strong stone structures, the homes Characteristics 17 of many generations, standing solitary on the moor, or hidden away under the kindly fold of a hill. To live in them is to call up a hundred phantoms of the past, to touch bygone years, to listen unawares to Time's stolen flight. Nor is there wanting a sense of depression as one thinks how these walls once held so many who have now fallen on sleep. No old house is ever without these sad memories and pallid gleams of past years. But the vast solitudes in which these Skye houses are set, the miles of road traversed to approach them, the brooding silence that hangs around their walls, as if pregnant with some mystery which is always on the point of being revealed, intensify this haunting sense of those who made them their caravanserai. There, in years gone by, the gentlemen tacksmen, cadets sometimes of the great houses, dwelt, and their sons went forth to fight the battles of their country. From one of them it is said that more officers came during the Peninsular War than from any other single house in the British Empire. Many of these houses' are small, and but little better than cottages. They could have contained but few of the luxuries of life; yet from them came scores of the brave soldiers and builders of our empire, and they were often lit up by festive occasions, the dance, the cheerful laughter of unencumbered hearts, the smiles of fair women. Boswell's Journal of the famous tour shows at once the comfort in discomfort which prevailed, and contains many a picture of the happy houseful of friends, who were mostly kinsmen, crowded into a few small rooms, where constant good-humour, aided (can we doubt it) by copious drams, prevailed. The grey and brown landscape seems to forbid such prettiness in architecture as the Swiss châlet, hanging on the mountain-side, exhibits. The crofter's hut, with its low, lichen-covered walls, and its roof thatched with the materials of the surrounding moor, seems to have grown out of its surroundings. It is a product of nature, not of 18 The Misty Isle of Skye art, or rather of the artificer. It rhymes with the sober landscape, and partakes of its shaggy wildness. Even the larger houses have the same unadorned character, plain grey stone walls, four square gables, built for use not beauty. Such a castle as Dunvegan has the same natural appear- ance as these small unarchitectural attempts at house-building. It forms no break in the landscape, but seems only a more shapely form of the rock on which it stands. No bird-haunted lawns, no terraces and stairways, separate stately decorated walls from the surrounding landscape. Grim keep and ancient tower and worn battlements join hand-in- hand with the brown moorland, the shaggy wood- land, and the lapping waves. They who reared it in centuries gone by “built better than they knew," or else had a true sense of the relation of art and nature to each other. But there is a still more remote antiquity than those old stone walls hint of. There are ruined heaps on windy hillocks; mounds of stone under- neath which lie the mighty bones of ancient men, old knights; a few roughly sculptured monuments. They speak silently of old, unhappy, far-of things, and of unremembered wars, which have left no record in history, scarce even has their faint echo been preserved in local tradition. The moor-bird flies around them with its wailing cry, as if regret- ting old mortality, but of the men who placed them there or whose deeds they commemorate, the rest is silence. Norse names, especially in the north and west, testify to raids by these ancient sea-wolves, and of a Scandinavian occupation long enough to have made itself felt in the nomenclature, though it scarcely survives in race. History speaks of Haco and his fleet, and Kyleakin is Haco's Strait; but tradition is once more silent, leaving to the philologist the task of explaining the place names by Norwegian parallels. Of the race earlier than the Celtic — Neolithic, Characteristics 19 possibly Pictish–there remain still scantier traces, whether of their social life, their manners, or their religion. Yet in these green valleys and along the shores of the sea-lochs they must have formed a dense population. There are to be seen, not plenti- fully but occasionally, “Picts' houses,” stone circles, and burial-chambers, and at times the arms and utensils of these early generations are dug out of the peat. They speak dumbly of the manners and customs of a far-distant past, and hint to us moderns that the same human heart beat then, and cherished such hopes and fears, such loves and hates, then, as it does now. And the story of the rocks of Skye carries the mind back to an unpeopled and illimitable past. Ice-scratched cliffs, rôches - moutonnées, beds of boulder clay, tell of the time when vast glaciers crept down these green valleys to the outer sea. The terraced uplands, the purple Coolins, and the Red Hills, carry us over millions of years to the Tertiary period, when great plateaux of lava were laid down, and within and beneath them internal outbursts took place through an enormous period of time. Beneath these lie beds of strata, crowded with fossils, witnessing to ages of submersion when the island lay beneath the midmost sea. Thus, in Skye, antiquity accompanies one at every step, and the mind has a liberal choice of bygone ages to revel in, from the romantic days of Prince Charlie back through the voiceless generations to those dim ages when the island was built up, stratum by stratum, out of the unknown deep. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper book, 320 pages total. Chapter one included here, pp. 9-19. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The misty Isle of Skye: its scenery, its people, its story. Chapter 1: Characteristics Description An account of the resource Offers an overview of the geographic, climate, and cultural characteristics of the Isle of Skye. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J. A. MacCulloch (1868-1950) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived HathiTrust EBook, print book owned by Indiana University, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.39000005762096 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book, EBook Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Published in Edinburgh, by Oliphant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1910 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sami Anders and Olivia Turner Subject The topic of the resource Environmental Appendix Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized Language A language of the resource English Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG scans of print book https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/8c6c0fd12a102744769fa0795f62c87b.jpg 7f16b3975e89f641c7a32cf43b23fe48 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix D: Political Context Description An account of the resource Information on the political context of To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jonathan Chang and Theo Gray Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource War Clouds Gather! Description An account of the resource A military recruiting poster urging patriotism. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Roberts, Hazel Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University of Minnesota Libraries https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.12316488 Type The nature or genre of the resource Poster Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Minnesota Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1917 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jonathan Chang and Theo Gray. https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/f8a6065682324e5f580719a0650582b3.jpg 27f41f33d69933a1c85025c71edb7995 https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/73998b95c867514780bcc4c9974dd287.jpg 1b006721b7d9587d55f8a5f5449edde6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix D: Political Context Description An account of the resource Information on the political context of To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jonathan Chang and Theo Gray Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource War Cloud Darkens Description An account of the resource Newspaper Article that records the Balkan Crisis (following the Crimean War) and its leading to WWI. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Los Angeles Times Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived ProQuest Historical Newspaper Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Los Angeles Times Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Nov. 22nd, 1908. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jonathan Chang and Theo Gray. Subject The topic of the resource War Cloud Darkens https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/20acfca04e6e77d5393ce13a57369926.png d12237b151b76902e4c837c16d144b0d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix D: Political Context Description An account of the resource Information on the political context of To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jonathan Chang and Theo Gray Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The European War Cloud" Description An account of the resource A poem in 1890 that describes the perpetual "hovering over" of the War Cloud in Europe. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chicago Herald Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sage Publication. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27898080?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sage Publication. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May, 1890. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jonathan Chang and Theo Gray. Subject The topic of the resource The "War Cloud" Poem https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/c1346ae5ed884a6f542655d18fe52ebd.png 26e03ec85417881e4afdc9b6894a3d4e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix D: Political Context Description An account of the resource Information on the political context of To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jonathan Chang and Theo Gray Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The War Cloud: Ferry Expected to Precipitate a War between France and China. Description An account of the resource Newspaper clip that records the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, M. Ferry (1832-1893), stating the possibility of the outbreak of war. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chicago Daily Tribune Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Proquest Historical Newspapers. https://www.proquest.com/hnpchicagotribune/docview/172769557/4B9AD467312E42B4PQ/1?accountid=12163 Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Chicago Tribune Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Nov. 21st, 1883 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jonathan Chang and Theo Gray. Subject The topic of the resource The War Cloud: Ferry Expected to Precipitate a War between France and China. https://ctsdh.org/ENGL433/files/original/d3ad5552469f2334c2b79b279374642a.pdf 7e7a5009a698c5ebc22f57b4a1b22d37 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix D: Political Context Description An account of the resource Information on the political context of To the Lighthouse Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jonathan Chang and Theo Gray Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived various Type The nature or genre of the resource Text and still image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pamela Caughie Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The European War Cloud Description An account of the resource A Newspaper article stating that "war is a necessity" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chicago Tribune Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.proquest.com/hnpchicagotribune/docview/168741393/95EC615F6E7646CFPQ/2?accountid=12163 Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Chicago Tribune Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Mar. 11, 1859. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jonathan Chang and Theo Gray Subject The topic of the resource The European War Cloud